![]() Valmiki shares his heroic struggle to survive a preordained life of perpetual physical and mental persecution and his transformation into a speaking subject under the influence of the great Dalit political leader, B. Although untouchability was abolished in 1949, Dalits continued to face discrimination, economic deprivation, violence, and ridicule. ![]() India's untouchables have been forced to accept and eat joothan for centuries, and the word encapsulates the pain, humiliation, and poverty of a community forced to live at the bottom of India's social pyramid. "Joothan" refers to scraps of food left on a plate, destined for the garbage or animals. ![]() Omprakash Valmiki describes his life as an untouchable, or Dalit, in the newly independent India of the 1950s. ![]()
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